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When
alpha
emission occurs a helium nucleus comes out of the nucleus
When
beta
emission occurs an electron comes out of the nucleus.
For
this to happen a neutron changes into a proton. The ejected electron is called a beta particle and it is identical in construction to an orbital electron. It has a very high speed. It therefore has a lot of kinetic energy.
When
positron
emission occurs an antimatter electron comes out of the nucleus.
For
this to happen a proton changes into a neutron. The antimatter electron is called a positron. When an antimatter electron meets its matter counterpart they both disappear and are changed into pure energy - gamma rays!
Artificial
transmutation is the name given to the instigation of nuclear
changes by mankind.
Neutrons (slow ones - of 'thermal energies')
are fired into a nucleus. If these stay inside the nucleus they
change its nucleon number. The new nucleus may be unstable and
undergo radioactive
decay.
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